The Ultimate Guide to Vietnamese Coffee: History & Recipes

This comprehensive article will cover the history of Vietnamese coffee, highlighting its evolution and the role it plays in Vietnam’s culture.

It will take readers through a journey exploring popular Vietnamese coffee varieties, such as the iconic Vietnamese iced coffee, Vietnamese coffee with egg, and Vietnamese salt coffee.

Additionally, it will discuss the reasons behind its robust and intense flavor profile, health benefits and considerations, and cultural significance.

For those curious about the brewing process, it will provide a step-by-step guide on how to use a Vietnamese coffee filter, leading to the perfect cup of Vietnamese black coffee. The article will also include recommendations for the best Vietnamese coffee brands and cafés and suggest ways to pair and serve these delightful beverages.

Through these sections, readers will gain a deeper appreciation and understanding of Vietnamese coffee, enabling them to explore its rich flavors and textures in their own homes.

History and origins

Coffee was first introduced to Vietnam by the French in 1857, which they brought from Martinique and French Guiana in Latin America due to the similar tropical climate and soil conditions.

Initially, they experimented with growing Arabica coffee in the northern and central regions of Vietnam. The harvested beans were then processed and sold under the brand Arabica du Tonkin and imported back to France.

In 1925, after conducting extensive surveys of Vietnam’s climate and soil, the French decided to try growing coffee in the Central Highlands. They found that the Lang Biang Plateau was ideal for Arabica, while regions like Dak Lak were better suited for Robusta.

Today, Vietnam is the second-largest coffee exporter in the world, even though it ranks sixth globally in terms of coffee-growing area.

Vietnam’s renowned coffee-growing regions

Central Highlands

The Central Highlands of Vietnam are perfect for coffee cultivation. With a tropical, humid climate, an elevation of around 500-600 meters, and over 2 million hectares of rich basalt soil, this region is ideal for growing robusta coffee, contributing to 95% of Vietnam’s coffee production. Additionally, certain areas in Lam Dong province, located at elevations above 1500 meters with cooler climates, are perfect for cultivating high-quality Arabica coffee.

Khe Sanh

In central Vietnam, there’s a place called Khe Sanh in Quang Tri province. This region is characterized by its hilly terrain, fertile soil, and cool climate year-round, making it perfect for coffee cultivation. The French introduced coffee here in the early 20th century. Interestingly, Arabica coffee in Khe Sanh is grown at an elevation of just 600 meters above sea level, yet it boasts a unique flavor.

Northwest (Vietnam)

The Northwest region of Vietnam, mainly the provinces of Son La and Dien Bien, offers the perfect soil and climate for growing Arabica coffee. This area is characterized by its impressive mountain ranges, with Arabica coffee thriving at elevations between 900 and 1200 meters. The Arabica plants here grow very well, producing high-quality beans. Son La is the second largest Arabica coffee-growing province in Vietnam, right after Lam Dong.

Popular Vietnamese coffee varieties

Ca phe sua da (Vietnamese iced coffee with condensed milk)

Vietnamese iced coffee, or ca phe sua da, is a tasty drink with a strong flavor and a smooth, slightly sweet taste from the condensed milk. It’s made using a small metal drip filter called a “phin.” To make it, Vietnamese people put the coffee grounds in the phin, pour hot water over them, and let the coffee drip slowly into a glass below.

Once the coffee has finished dripping, they use a spoon to stir and mix the coffee with the condensed milk thoroughly. This method makes a strong, aromatic coffee that mixes well with the sweetness of the condensed milk, making it a great treat, especially on a hot day.

Ca phe den (black coffee)

The way to make this coffee is like making Vietnamese iced coffee with condensed milk, but without the milk. Instead, a little sugar is added. This lets people enjoy the pure, strong flavor of the coffee. Without the milk, the true taste of the coffee stands out, making it perfect for those who love a rich coffee flavor.

Ca phe muoi (salted coffee)

Salted coffee has emerged as a beloved trend in Vietnam in recent years. This unique beverage combines condensed milk, coffee, and a touch of salted cream. The flavor profile is a perfect blend of sweetness from the milk, the bitterness of coffee, and a subtle salty undertone. It’s a refreshing and satisfying drink that offers a harmonious balance of flavors.

Ca phe trung (egg coffee)

Egg coffee is a unique beverage originating from the capital city of Hanoi, Vietnam. It includes fresh egg yolks, sugar, condensed milk, and coffee. To make egg coffee, Vietnamese people whip the egg yolks with condensed milk and sugar until they form a thick, creamy foam. This mixture is then poured over brewed coffee made using a phin filter.

Bac Xiu

Bac Xiu, which translates to “white coffee,” is a lighter and creamier variation of the traditional Vietnamese iced coffee. It contains a higher ratio of milk to coffee, using fresh and condensed milk, giving it a smoother and more delicate flavor profile. This coffee variant is especially popular for its gentle coffee aroma.

Unique characteristics

Vietnamese coffee is renowned for its robust and intense flavor profile. This distinctive taste is attributed to several factors.

Robusta beans

Vietnam is the second-largest coffee exporter in the world, primarily growing robusta beans, while arabica is more popular globally. Robusta beans have a higher caffeine content (2 – 2.7%) than arabica (1.12 – 1.7%), resulting in a more bitter taste (the higher caffeine content contributes to the increased bitterness). Additionally, robusta beans contain 60% less fats and sugars than arabica beans, further influencing their flavor profile.

Over-roasting

Local Vietnamese coffee producers often over-roast the beans, which adds to Vietnamese coffee’s distinctive flavor and aroma.

Traditional Vietnamese phin filter

Additionally, the traditional Vietnamese phin filter is used for brewing. This method takes longer, allowing more of the coffee’s active compounds to be extracted, resulting in a stronger, more robust cup.

Health benefits of coffee

Energizing benefits

Coffee is more than just a morning drink; it’s a great way to wake up and feel energized. The secret ingredient is caffeine, which stimulates the brain and nervous system. Caffeine works by blocking adenosine, a chemical that makes you feel sleepy and relaxed. When adenosine is blocked, you stay alert and less tired.

Coffee consumption may lower type 2 diabetes risk

Diabetes is a widespread global health concern, with predictions indicating that by 2030, 552 million people worldwide will be affected by this condition. However, there is promising evidence suggesting that coffee consumption may help reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. Studies have shown a link between moderate coffee intake and lower disease incidence. For more detailed information on these studies, you can find them [here]

Enhance heart health

Studies indicate that regularly consuming coffee, especially 3-5 cups per day, is associated with a 15% lower risk of cardiovascular disease and lower mortality rates among healthy individuals.

Support brain health

Regular intake of coffee has been associated with a lower risk of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s. Studies suggest that caffeine can lower the risk of developing dementia and cognitive decline.

Cultural significance

In Vietnam, coffee is more than just a drink; it’s a lifestyle deeply rooted in the culture. Introduced by French missionaries in the 19th century, coffee quickly became a local favorite. It evolved from its colonial roots to symbolize Vietnamese creativity and identity. Today, Vietnam is the world’s second-largest coffee exporter, mainly producing robusta beans. These beans are known for their strong flavor, often sweetened with condensed milk to balance their natural bitterness.

Vietnamese coffee culture is known for its unique preparation and consumption practices. The traditional phin filter, a single-cup drip method, highlights this uniqueness and promotes a leisurely pace of life. Locals often enjoy their coffee slowly, reflecting the societal value placed on savoring moments. This is a stark contrast to the fast-paced coffee culture of the West.

The social aspect of coffee in Vietnam is equally significant. Coffee shops and street stalls are not just places to drink coffee; they are venues where people gather to catch up on news and enjoy each other’s company at any time of the day. This communal aspect is a cornerstone of Vietnamese daily life, making coffee shops central to social interactions in both urban and rural areas.

Moreover, places like Cafe Giang have survived changes in location and succeeded by keeping their traditional recipes that both locals and tourists love. The cafe’s famous egg coffee, made with robusta coffee, condensed milk, and egg yolk, shows the creative spirit of Vietnam’s coffee culture.

Popular brands and cafés

The best Vietnamese coffee brands

Trung Nguyen has played a pivotal role in popularizing Vietnamese coffee both domestically and internationally since its inception in 1996. Known for its Vietnamese drip coffee, high-quality instant coffee, and a variety of premium coffee products, Trung Nguyen has successfully exported its unique flavors to over 60 countries, making it a cornerstone of Vietnamese coffee culture.

Vinacafe stands out for its commitment to high-quality coffee, focusing on traditional roasting methods and locally sourced beans. This brand is particularly noted for its instant coffee products, which have contributed significantly to Vietnam’s coffee exports.

King Coffee, founded by Le Hoang Diep Thao, has expanded its presence beyond Vietnam, offering a range of coffee products that cater to global tastes while maintaining a focus on quality and innovation. This brand’s growth reflects its ambition to share Vietnamese coffee culture worldwide.

Famous coffee shops in Vietnam

Trung Nguyen Legend

As of 2024, Trung Nguyen Legend boasts nearly 1,000 locations in Vietnam and is making significant strides globally. In July 2024, the brand expanded by opening 10 new stores in the United States and China. The Trung Nguyen Legend cafes in the U.S. offer a unique experience, featuring drip coffee and espresso made from 100% robusta and arabica beans grown in Vietnam. Additionally, their Zen Coffee, a distinctive creation by Trung Nguyen Legend, has been praised for providing a fresh and unique coffee experience that many find truly transformative.

Highlands Coffee

Highlands Coffee, with over 600 locations, stands out as a major player in the Vietnamese coffee market, known for its affordable yet quality offerings. The chain provides a cozy atmosphere combining modern and traditional elements, making it a popular choice among locals and tourists alike.

Cong Caphe

Cong Caphe, also known as Cong Coffee, is celebrated for its vintage décor and commitment to preserving Vietnam’s cultural heritage. The coffeehouse chain offers traditional Vietnamese coffee and a variety of snacks and desserts, enhancing the overall coffee experience.

Phuc Long Coffee & Tea House

Phuc Long Coffee & Tea House, since its inception in 1968, has grown to become a beloved brand for its high-quality Vietnamese tea and coffee. The brand’s commitment to traditional brewing methods and locally sourced ingredients contributes to its authentic beverages.

How to brew Vietnamese coffee at home

To brew authentic Vietnamese coffee at home, one must gather the necessary equipment and ingredients, which include a Vietnamese Phin filter, ground coffee beans, and optionally, sweetened condensed milk. The Phin filter, a crucial tool, consists of three parts: the body, the press or filter disk, and the lid, designed to facilitate a slow drip that enhances the coffee’s flavor.

Step-by-step brewing process

1. Prepare the equipment: Start by assembling your Phin filter and a heatproof glass or mug. If using sweetened condensed milk, spoon the desired amount into the cup before beginning the brewing process.

1. Boil water: Heat water to a temperature between 195°-205°F. This specific range is crucial as it is ideal for extracting the full flavor from the coffee without scalding it.

1. Preheat the phin and cup: Pour a small amount of the boiled water through the Phin to preheat the filter and the cup. This step ensures the coffee brews at a consistent temperature.

1. Add coffee grounds: Place one heaping tablespoon of fine Vietnamese coffee grounds into the Phin. Use the filter press to lightly tamp down the grounds, preparing them for brewing.

1. Brew the coffee: Continue to pour hot water into the Phin until it reaches the top. Cover with the lid and allow the coffee to drip slowly through the filter. This process should take about 3-5 minutes, resulting in a rich and concentrated brew.

1. Final touches: Once the brewing is complete, remove the Phin and stir the coffee. For a traditional iced version, pour the brew over ice, or add more hot water for a milder drink.

Tips for optimal flavor

• Do Not Over-Compress the Coffee: When adding coffee to the filter, avoid shaking or compressing it excessively. This can clog the filter and hinder the drip process, affecting the overall flavor and brewing time.

• Adjust Condensed Milk to Taste: The amount of sweetened condensed milk can vary depending on personal preference, ranging from one tablespoon for regular coffee to three tablespoons for a very sweet taste.

By following these steps and tips, one can enjoy a delightful cup of Vietnamese coffee, rich in flavor and tradition, right at home.

Traditional Vietnamese breakfasts and coffee pairings

In Vietnam, it’s common to start the morning with a breakfast that includes dishes like Pho and Banh Mi. After enjoying these flavorful and satisfying meals, many Vietnamese people then indulge in a cup of robust Vietnamese coffee.

This routine highlights the cultural significance of balancing the rich flavors of a traditional breakfast with the strong, aromatic notes of Vietnamese coffee, making for a complete and enjoyable morning experience.

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